Utilization of natural resources in prehistoric times based on archaeological findings in Gua Arca, Kangean Island, East Java
Pemanfaatan sumber daya alam masa prasejarah berdasarkan temuan arkeologis Gua Arca, Pulau Kangean, Jawa Timur
Keywords:
Cave dwelling, subsistence, residue, microbotany, paleoenvironmentAbstract
This paper discusses the exploration and utilization of natural resources by a cave-dwelling community. Data was obtained from the excavation at Gua Arca site in Kangean Island, Sumenep, East Java. The results from ecofact analysis and micro-botanical residue analysis on artifacts show the adaptation pattern of the inhabitants of this island by optimizing the exploration of terrestrial and marine resources. During the early occupancy period of c. 6000 BP, there was a fairly dominant use of terrestrial resources, indicated by open forest animal remains, such as Cervidae, Bovidae, Macaca sp., as well as small animals, such as Cercopithecidae, Rodentia, and Varanidae. In the later period of c. 900 BP, the exploitation of natural resources shifted to marine resources, which mainly from the mangrove forest and intertidal zones. Plant utilization was indicated by the presence of wild bananas, wild rice, coconuts, tubers, and the intensive use of Zingiberaceae plants.
Abstrak
Tulisan ini membahas tentang eksplorasi dan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam oleh penghuni gua. Data yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah hasil ekskavasi situs Gua Arca di Pulau Kangean, Sumenep, Jawa Timur. Metode yang digunakan deskriptif dengan analisis ekofak dan analisis residu mikrobotani pada artefak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pola adaptasi dari penghuni pulau ini, dengan melakukan eksplorasi maksimal terhadap sumber daya alam di darat dan laut. Pada periode awal hunian sekitar 6000 BP, terjadi pemanfaatan sumber daya darat yang cukup dominan berupa binatang dengan habitat hutan terbuka, yaitu Cervidae, Bovidae, Macaca sp., dan binatang kecil seperti Cercopithecidae, Rodentia dan Varanidae. Pada periode setelahnya, sekitar 900 BP, terjadi perubahan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam. Â Pemanfaatan sumber daya laut menjadi lebih dominan, yang sebagian besar diperoleh dari lingkungan perairan mangrove dan daerah pasang surut. Tumbuhan yang dimanfaatkan antara lain pisang liar, padi liar, kelapa, umbi, dan penggunaan intensif tanaman Zingiberacea.
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